The text explores the evolution of Athenian democracy, regarded as the most logical and comprehensive form of popular governance of its time. Beginning with a historical overview, it recounts how Athens transitioned from a monarchic system during the Heroic Age to an aristocracy, and later to a democracy shaped by key reforms. The Heroic Age saw a centralized government under kings like Theseus, whose successors were gradually supplanted by an aristocracy wielding power through the Areopagus council and elected magistrates. This transition led to socioeconomic strife, prompting the legislator Solon to institute reforms that restored the assembly's role, empowered the masses, and introduced judicial checks on magistrates. Cleisthenes expanded upon Solon’s framework by reorganizing tribal structures, creating the Council of Five Hundred, and introducing democratic practices like ostracism. These reforms fundamentally shifted power toward the popular assembly, setting the stage for Athens’ development into a fully democratic state. The text delves into the operational mechanisms of Athenian democracy, emphasizing the assembly's sovereignty over legislation, administration, and justice. The council played an advisory and preparatory role, while magistrates were often selected by lot to ensure equal participation and prevent oligarchic dominance. Safeguards like dokimasia (pre-office scrutiny) and regular audits upheld accountability. Military and diplomatic roles, requiring technical expertise, were exceptions to the lot system and filled by election. Despite criticisms of the lottery system and its potential for electing unqualified individuals, Athenians valued the participation of all citizens in governance, embodying the democratic principle of collective decision-making. The balance of power, administrative checks, and evolving reforms underlined Athens’ commitment to a system where the people were both the source and the executors of authority, achieving what Aristotle described as a democracy with supreme control through its assembly and law courts. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1933.